Mukati mabhuku muchiSpanish anomira pachena semumwe wevanyori vakurusa mumutauro wechiSpanish Garcilaso de la Vega. Kunyange zvazvo asina kubudisa chero bhuku ripi neripi muupenyu hwake hwose (1498-1536), nhetembo dzake dzakaunganidzwa ndokubudiswa pashure porufu rwake muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Izvi zvakatibvumira kuziva nenzira yakakwana uye yakadzama nhaka yake yakakosha yekunyora, iyo yakashandura nhetembo dzeSpanish nekuzivisa maitiro matsva echiItaly enhetembo dzenguva yake.
Garcilaso de la Vega akararama panguva apo Renaissance humanism yakanga ichitora. zvakasimba muEurope yose setsika uye unyanzvi huripo. Bato iri rakapesvedzera zvakanyanya basa rake, sezvo Garcilaso asina kungoona shanduko idzi chete, asi akabatanidza zvinhu zvitsva zvemabhuku echinyakare uye Renaissance yeItaly muchikamu cheHispanic. Basa rake, kunyangwe riri pfupi mukureba, rakakosha pakunzwisisa shanduko kubva munhetembo dzekare kuenda kunhetembo yeRenaissance mumutauro wechiSpanish.
Pakati pebasa rake, chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinorangarirwa uye zvakakosha pasina mubvunzo ndezvake Canticle yaSalicio naNemoroso, eclogue inoratidza kurwadzisa kwemudetembi, kwakabatana muchidimbu nerudo rwake kuna Isabel Freyre. Rudo urwu, urwo Garcilaso aisakwanisa kupedzisa, rwakanga rwuri manyuko makuru ekurudziro yenhetembo yake, kunyanya maeclogues ake.
Pamusoro pemaeclogues ake ane mukurumbira, pane zvakare pakati pezvinyorwa zvake bhuku renziyo rePetrarchan rinosanganisira soneti makumi mana nenziyo 40, pamwe nezvinyorwa zveepistolary. Nemabasa aya, Garcilaso akabatanidza mamodheru echiItaly metric munhetembo dzeCastilian, senge soneti nembira, izvo zvakashingirira muzvinyorwa zveSpanish.
Tsamba yakatsaurirwa kuBoscán
Juan Boscán aive munhu akakosha muhupenyu hwaGarcilaso de la Vega. Vaviri vakasangana muna 1519 uye vakakurumidza kukudziridza hushamwari hwakadzama. Hukama uhu hwaive hwakakosha kuti Garcilaso atore mafomu edetembo ekuItaly ayo Boscán aitoshandisa. Mune rimwe remabasa ake, Garcilaso anotsaurira tsamba kushamwari yake, umo anomupa zano rekurarama hupenyu hune rugare, kure nekunyanyisa uye kunetseka.
Tsamba iyi yakatanga kudhindwa mukati Boscán's mabasa Chiratidziro chekutenda kukuru uko Garcilaso akanzwa kushamwari yake, iyo yakanga yabatanidzwawo nechiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwekunyora hwakavakirwa pazvinangwa zvekuvandudzwa kweRenaissance.
MaElegies
Mukati medetembo renziyo, rudzi irworwo runosanganisira zvese manzwiro uye kufungisisa, ndiyo subgenre ye elegy. Zvinyorwa izvi zvinoratidza marwadzo pamusoro pekurasikirwa kana chiitiko chinosuwisa. Garcilaso akanyora mbiri mbiri dzinonyanya kufarirwa nevatsoropodzi kune zvirimo uye maitiro avo.
- "Parufu rwaDon Bernardino de Toledo": yakanyorwa muchiyeuchidzo chemwanakomana weDuke weAlba, uyo akafira muhondo yehondo. Munhetembo iyi, Garcilaso anoratidza magumo ehupenyu, asi, kusiyana nemamwe magwaro akafanana, anotora nzira isinganyanyi kunetseka, achitsiva mareferensi echinyakare echitendero nehupenyu hwechihedheni hunoyeuchidza epics yekare.
- 'Elegy II: yakatsaurirwa kuBoscán, iyi elegy yakanyorwa nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwaGarcilaso pachake. Mariri, hunhu hwenyanduri hunoburitswa, hunoratidzwa nekuparadzana nekudzingwa. Garcilaso anoudza shamwari yake mararamiro aanoita muSicily, padivi pemauto amambo, uye anoratidza chishuvo chake chehupenyu hwake hwekare uye nguva dzakagovaniswa muushamwari nerunyararo.
Iwo Eclogues
Garcilaso de la Vega anozivikanwa zvakanyanya neake matatu eclogues ehufundisi, rudzi rwaanowana nzira yekuratidza manzwiro ake uye kufungisisa pamusoro perudo, zvisikwa uye hupenyu mune imwe nzira isinganzwisisiki.
- Eclogue ini: Nhetembo iyi ndeimwe yeanonyanya manzwiro mukati meGarcilasian repertoire. Anoratidzika zvakajeka akafuridzirwa naIsabel Freyre pasi pezita rokuti 'Elisa'. Kuburikidza nemufananidzo waSalicio, Garcilaso anodurura kurwadziwa kwake pamusoro pekufa kwaIsabel. Idetembo umo hupenyu hwenyika uye rudo rusingadzoreki zvinogadziriswa.
- Eclogue II: Kunyange zvazvo richitora nzvimbo yechipiri munhevedzano yezvinyorwa zvake, nyanzvi dzakasiana-siana dzinobvumirana kuti, mukutevedzana kwenguva, ndiro rakatanga kunyorwa. Nhamo yaSalicio naNemoroso inorondedzerwa, zvinyorwa zvinomiririra zvaGarcilaso nekurwadziwa kwake nekuda kwekurambwa kwerudo kwaIsabel Freyre.
- Eclogue III: Iyi eclogue yakatsaurirwa kumudzimai weshamwari yake Don Pedro de Toledo, uye mairi kurasikirwa kwaIsabel kunoratidzwa zvakare. Zvisikwa, nymphs yeRwizi rweTagus uye classical mythology zvakapindirana mune imwe yemunyori anonyanya kunyomba uye akanaka nziyo.
Nziyo shanu naGarcilaso de la Vega
Pakati penziyo dzakanyorwa naGarcilaso, shanu dzakanyanya kusimuka nekuda kwekudzika kwemazwi avo uye zvemukati zvemukati:
- 'A flor de Cnido': ode yerudo kuna Violante Sanseverino, uyo anonzi Garcilaso 'ruva reGnido'.
- 'Neruzha runyoro': nhetembo apo anotarisisa nekufamba kwenguva uye nekufamba kwerunako.
- 'Ndinoda kuomarara kwezvirwere zvangu': chimwe chimbo chinobata dingindira rinodzokororwa rekushungurudzika kwakaitika mudetembi.
- 'Kusurukirwa kunotevera' uye 'Hongu kunzvimbo yerenje isingagarike': nziyo dzinoreva kusurukirwa umo Garcilaso anozviwana anyura nekuda kwemamiriro ake ega uye echiuto.
Sonnets
ari Garcilaso sonnets Ndidzo dzimwe dzembiru huru dzebasa rake, dzakatanhamara zvose zviri zviviri muchiverengero nounhu. Mukati mese angangoita 38 sonnets akachengetedzwa, zvinokwanisika kuona kushanduka kwakajeka kwemaitiro ake, kubva kune ekutanga uye akareruka nziyo, kune iwo ekukura kukuru uye kuoma kunzwisisa. Munziyo dzake dzichangoburwa, dzakadai seyemukurumbira 'En tan que de rosa', Garcilaso anoratidza nekufamba kwenguva uye kurasikirwa kwehudiki, madingindira aive akakosha muRenaissance aesthetics uye anomubatanidza nePetrarchism, asiwo nemabasa ekare akadai. saVirgil's Bucolics.
Mundima dzake, zvakare, zvisikwa uye hupenyu hwehufundisi Vane nzvimbo yakatanhamara. Mamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera uye kumiririra kwevafudzi uye nymphs, nguva dzose vachisangana nezvinhu zvakasikwa, zvinoratidza kuwirirana kwemunhu nemamiriro ake ezvinhu. Zvisinei, pasi peiyi bucolic pamusoro, manzwiro emudetembi anogara achidzoka, achipomerwa ne melancholy uye nostalgia.
Garcilaso anozivikanwawo nekushandisa kwake munhu uye madingindira edimikira. Mune dzakawanda dzesonnets dzake, kufamba kwenguva uye kupera kwerunako zvinoratidzika pasi, zvinomiririrwa kuburikidza nemadimikira anobatanidza zvinhu zvakasikwa nemamiriro emanzwiro. Uku kugona kupindirana kwekunzwa nemweya ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakaita kuti basa rake rigare kwemazana emakore semuenzaniso wenhetembo yeRenaissance.
Muzvidzidzo zvese zvemabhuku, vatsoropodzi vakati wandei vakaziva kuti kugadzirwa kwenziyo kwaGarcilaso kunogona kuiswa mumatanho matatu: yekutanga, umo basa rake rakabatana zvakanyanya netsika yeCastilian; chechipiri, umo simba reItaly rinonyanya kutungamirira, kunyanya maererano nerudo rwake kuna Isabel Freyre; uye chechitatu, classicist uye Neapolitan, umo mareferensi uye madingindira kubva mungano uye classical yekare zvinotora nzvimbo huru.
Munguva yake yekuItaly, Garcilaso akasangana nebasa revanyori vakaita saJacopo Sannazaro, ane Arcadia Yakapesvedzerawo pfungwa youfundisi inotekeshera mumashoko omudetembi weToledo. Uyezve, hushamwari hwake nenyanzvi dzeItaly nevanyori vakadai saBernardo Tasso naLuigi Tansillo vakamubvumira kuwana hukuru hukuru mukushandiswa kwemafomu matsva enhetembo.
Nhaka yaGarcilaso inoramba ichirarama, kwete chete nekuda kwekukosha kwake munhoroondo yenhetembo, asiwo nekuda kwesimba raakaita kuzvizvarwa zvakatevera zvevadetembi vekuSpain. Kubva kuna Luis de Góngora kuenda kuGustavo Adolfo Bécquer, vanyori vazhinji vakapa rukudzo kuna nyanduri weToledo, vachimuziva se 'muchinda wevadetembi veCastilian'. Kusimuka kwayo munhetembo dzeRenaissance kwakabatsira kubatanidza mafomu matsva enhetembo muchiSpanish uye yakagadzira nzira yekuti vamwe vaenderere mberi vachiongorora hukama pakati pekunzwa uye kutaura kwenziyo.