Contemporary fizikisi yanga ichitsvaga kwemakumi emakore chinangwa sechishuwo sezvo chakakosha: kupa quantum tsananguro yegiravhitiIchi hachisi chido chehungwaru, asi chido chekubatana kubva kune zvakasikwa: kana kumwe kudyidzana kwakakosha kune yakasimba quantum formalism, zvine musoro kuti simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, rechina mukupokana, rinogonawo kurapwa nemitemo ye quantum mechanics.
General Relativity yakabudirira zvisingaite mukutsanangura sei spacetime curves Mukuvapo kwehuremu uye simba, nei chiedza chichidzoserwa nemasimba egiravhiti, kuti mapoka enyeredzi anoshanduka sei pamwero mukuru, kana kuti chii chinoitika pedyo negomba dema. Kunyange zvakadaro, kune zviitiko zvemuganhu-zvakanyanyisa uye zvisingaoneki-apo equation yavo inova isina kukwana uye. kuenderana ne quantum mechanics Inonyungudika secube yeshuga.
Chii chatinonzwisisa nequantum gravity?
Pasi peamburera yezvinonzi quantum gravity zvakaiswa mumapoka kuedza kuyananisa, mukati megadziriro imwechete, quantum field theory uye Einstein's relativityKusvika pari zvino, hapana dzidziso yakasimbiswa uye inogamuchirwa nenharaunda inoita izvi, asi isu tine vamiriri vakasimba uye huwandu hwakawanda hwezvikumbiro zvinopindirana.
Nzira mbiri huru dziri kutungamira nhangemutange: the tambo dzidziso and the loop quantum giravhiti (kana zvishwe). Padivi peidzi nzira dzekutenderera dzine maflavour akasiyana kwazvo, akadai seTwistor Theory, Noncommutative Geometry, Simplicial Quantum Gravity, Euclidean Quantum Gravity, kana maumbirwo akavakirwa pa null surfaces in relativityKusiyana kwayo kunoratidza, chaizvo, kuoma kwedambudziko.
Kukurudzira kwakajeka: iyo microscopic nyika inotongwa nemitemo yehuwandu, probabilistic uye discreteNepo simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi richiramba richitenderedza canvas yenguva. Kana tikaedza kuzvibatanidza tisingatarisirezve, zvisingaperi, kusapindirana, uye equation isingakwane inooneka.
Maonero maviri anoroverana: masimba makuru maringe nerelativists
Kune vazhinji veavo vanoshanda muchidimbu uye yakakwirira-simba fizikisi, giravhiti ndiyo kupindirana kusina simbaIchi chimwezve chiitiko chinofanirwa kukwanisa kutsanangurwa neyakajairwa quantum field theory. Kubva pakuona uku, kutsvaga kuripo kune "graviton" kana kuti manyawi emunda wegiravhiti unokodzera mukati mehutano hwakafanana nemagetsi emagetsi, kushamwaridzana kusina simba uye kwakasimba, sezvakawanikwa muStandard Model.
Kutevera iyo mutsara wepfungwa, tambo dzidziso inokurudzira kuti zvimedu hazvisi mapoinzi, asi imwe-dimensional filaments ayo maitiro ekudedera anokonzeresa zvimedu zvese nemasimba. Muchiverengero ichocho, simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoratidzika sechimwe chinhu chinonyandura tambo, uye chinetso chinoderedzwa—kuchiisa muchidimbu zvikuru—kunzwisisa kuti mufaro iwoyo unobereka sei zvinozivikanwa zvinokwevera zvinoitika.
Relativists, kune rumwe rutivi, vanonyevera kuti zano iri rinogona kuva kusakwana mumuviriGeneral Relativity akatidzidzisa kuti hapana yakagadziriswa "nhanho" pairi fizikisi inoitika: spacetime ine simba uye inotora chikamu muchiito. Naizvozvo, kubata simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi sendima yequantum pakatarisana neyakaomarara kumashure hakuna kukodzera. anopandukira chidzidzo chaEinstein uye zvinoda kufungisisa zvakare pfungwa senge nzvimbo uye nguva kubva pasi.
Kuonekwa muchiedza ichi, dambudziko requantum gravity riri mukusundira mberi iyo conceptual revolution yakatangwa nerelativity, ukuwo ichibatanidza. mitemo ye quantum mechanics, kuenda kumubatanidzwa unogadziridza pfungwa dzakanyanya dzechokwadi.
Loop quantum gravity: kubva kuenderera kusvika kune discrete jira
Nzira yekuona chaizvo yekuwana pfungwa ndeyekufungidzira zvakasikwa sematepi makuru: pamwero mukuru Zvinoita sezviri kuenderera uye zvakapfavaAsi kana tikazvicherechedza ne "microscope" iri kuwedzera simba, tinopedzisira taona tambo dzakamonerana, sekunge nzvimbo "yaive "pixelating" uye ichimira kuparadzaniswa zvachose. Ndiyo intuition kumashure kwe Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG).
LQG haifungidzire yakagadziriswa kumashure. Zvinotora General Relativity uye inoimanikidza kuti itaure quantum mutauro. Mukuita ikoko, zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinomira kuenderera mberi metrics uye kuva zvinoonekwa zvakabatana nezvisungo (zvishwe) -zvehunyanzvi, Wilson zvishwe- izvo zvinotora ruzivo kubva kumunda. Iyi nzira inoratidza hunyanzvi hwekuita discretization yenguva-yenguva: hazvichaite zvine musoro kuongorora "chero nguva", asi kuburikidza neaya akavharwa zvishwe.
Iko kushanduka kwemafungiro kwakakosha: zvishwe hazvi "kurarama" munzvimbo yapfuura, tsanangura nzvimbo yacho pachayoIyo geometric quantum state saka inogadzirisa zvishwe. Chero chinhu chiri kunze kwavo hachina chirevo chemuviri padanho iri rekutsanangura.
Nekushanda, kushanda nezvishwe zvakachena kunonetsa kuverenga. Kurerutsa kukuru kunouya ne spin networkPfungwa iyi, yakatanga kuunzwa naRoger Penrose uye akamutsiridzwa neLQG kubva pamisimboti yekutanga, inosanganisira magirafu: mitsara (micheto) yakabatana pamanodhi uye yakatakurwa nemaspin labels j = 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2,… inobuda mipendero.
Nezvishandiso izvi, LQG inopa geometric operators -kureba, nzvimbo, vhoriyamu- ine spectra yakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, iyo nzvimbo yepasi inowanikwa nekuverenga kuti mangani mapendero eiyo spin network anopfuura nepakati payo uye nekusanganisa iwo mavara vachishandisa chaiyo basa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane nzvimbo shoma yakabatana nekesi j = 1/2 uye kuti, nekuvaka, Hadzisi nzvimbo dzese dzinogoneka.asi quantized values. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika nemavhoriyamu nemakona.
Muchirevo, parameter chaiyo inooneka, iyo ye Barbero-Immirzivane basa risati ranyatsogadziriswa. Iko hakuna chirevo chinorambidza chinogadzirisa kukosha kwayo (kupfuura kuti haisi zero), uye nharo dzakasiyana dzinoedza kuzvisarudzira zvichienderana nekufunga kwemuviri.
Kufambira mberi, kubudirira uye zvipingamupinyi zveLQG
Imwe yekubudirira kukuru kweLQG ndiko kutorwa kweiyo entropy yemakomba matemakuwana kuenzana nenzvimbo yemukati sezviri mumutemo weBekenstein-Hawking (S ∝ A). Zviitiko zvekutanga zvaida kugadziridzwa parameter yeBarbero-Immirzi kuti iwane 1/4 coefficient, iyo yaiita se "manomano." Nekudaro, gare gare basa rinopa nzira dzekudzoreredza kuenzana pasina iyi ad hoc gadziriso, uye zvakare muzviitiko zve. astrophysically inonzwisisika maburi matema.
Mucosmology, kana tekiniki ikashandiswa kune yekutanga denga (LQC, Loop Quantum Cosmology), iyo Big Bang singularity inomira kuve muganho usingafambike: sisitimu inopfuura nemunzvimbo yekunyanya densities, inozivikanwa se. big rebound (Big Bounce). Kana zvakadaro, chadenga chedu chingadai chakabuda muchikamu chakamboparara. Iyi pfungwa inotyaira kutsvaga kwekutarisa kwekutarisa mu cosmic microwave mwaranzi izvo zvinobvumira kuti modhi iedzwe.
Kunyanya kutaurwa kushaya simba kweLQG kuratidza, pasina kujeka, kuti muganho wayo wekare unobereka General Relativity ine zvigadziriso zvidiki zvehuwandu, sezvakangoita quantum electrodynamics inodzokera kuMaxwell's equations mumuganhu wakakodzera. Nhanho iyoyo - kupora kwakachena kwaEinstein - chiyero chekuenderana icho chisati chasangana nekusimba kunodiwa.
Kubatana? Kunyatsotaura, LQG haisi dzidziso yekubatanidza: inogona gadzirisa minda yenyaya kugara pa spin network pasina kumanikidza hukama pakati pavo. Asi, inoisa simba rinokwevera zvinhu mumutauro wakafanana wegeji sekumwe kudyidzana, uko kunoumba chimiro chakajeka chekugadzirisa. Muchokwadi, zvichangobva kuitika zvakawedzera maitiro ayo ku zvimwe zviyero uye supersymmetrykuvhura musuwo wekubatana kweramangwana nemamwe marongero.
String theory nedzimwe nzira dzinokwikwidzana
Tambo dzidziso inopenya nechishuvo chayo: inopa chimiro chesvomhu apo zvese zvimedu nemasimba, kusanganisira giravhiti, zvinobuda se vibrational modes ye-one-dimensional tambo. Kuti zvienderane, zvinoda supersymmetry uye zvimwe zviyero (10 kana 11 zvichienderana neshanduro), zvinongedzo izvo, zvenguva, hazvina humbowo hwakajeka hwekuyedza: supermates yezvimedu zvinozivikanwa, kana zviratidzo zvehukuru hwakavanzika.
Pasinei nematambudziko ayo, dzidziso yetambo yakakwanisa kubatanidza huwandu hwezviitiko zvakasiyana kuita inoyevedza formalism uye inoshanda serabhoritari yemaitiro ane simba. LQG uye tambo dzidziso haifanirwe kunge iri vose vasingabatanidzi mumweVanoita, chaizvoizvo, vanogovera kuvapo kwechimwe-dimensional excitations (tambo mune imwe nyaya uye zvishwe mune imwe), uye hazvina musoro kufunga nezvezviitiko zvekuzadzisa ramangwana.
Kupfuura izvi zviviri, kune mitsetse yetsvagiridzo ine mazita anokurudzira se TwistersYakareruka Quantum Gravity, Noncommutative Geometry, Euclidean Quantum Gravity, kana maumbirwo akavakirwa pane zvisina maturo. Imwe neimwe inopa chaiyo nzwisiso uye maturusi, uye pamwe chete vanodyisa ecosystem yemazano ayo anogona, rimwe zuva, kupenya mune chaiyo dzidziso.
Kuedza zviratidzo: kubva munzvimbo yakadzika kuenda kurabhoritari
Kutsoropodza kukuru kwechero dzidziso ye quantum gravity ndiyo kureba kwayo kwekuyedza: mhedzisiro yakajeka yakavanzwa pazvikero zvidiki. zvinorambidzwa tekinoroji yeduKunyange zvakadaro, kune nzira dzakangwara dzokutsvaka nadzo zviratidzo zvisina kunanga kana kugadza miganhu.
Muenzaniso unozivikanwa unobva kuESA's Integral mission, teresikopu yegamma-ray inokwanisa kuyera polarization. Dzimwe fungidziro dzechadenga granularity pazvikero zveminiti dzinofanotaura kuti kupararira kwegamma photons kunosangana ne "kumonyoroka" kunoenderana nesimba, cumulative polarization pamusoro pemafaro makuru.
Chikwata chaPhilippe Laurent (CEA Saclay) chakaongorora dhata kubva kune imwe yakanyanyisa gamma-ray kuputika kwakambonyorwa, iyo GRB 041219A (Zvita 19, 2004), uye haana kuona kusiyana kwepolarization pakati pepamusoro-uye yakaderera-simba mafotoni mukati memiganho yezviridzwa. Nechiridzwa cheBIS, uye chisarudzo chakapetwa ka10,000 zviri nani pane zvevakatangira, vakakwanisa kushandura kusavapo kwechiratidzo mumiganhu yakaoma: kana granularity iripo, chimiro chayo chinofanira kunge chiri chiduku zvikuru kupfuura 10.-35 m, kusundira nzvimbo dzakakwirira kuenda dzinosvika makumi mapfumbamwe-48 m kana kunyange zvishoma.
Imwe Integral bvunzo, ino nguva neiyo Crab Nebula (2006) yakasimbisa mhedziso, kunyangwe iine chiyero chidiki, zvichipihwa kuti bviro iri padyo zvakanyanya uye mhedzisiro inogona kuve diki. Takatorwa pamwechete, izvi zvabuda zvinoratidza kurasa dzimwe vhezheni dzetambo kana LQG dzinofanotaura zvinowanika kutenderera kwepolarization, uye kutimanikidza natsa kana kusiya fungidziro.
Murabhoritari, chiitiko chechangobva kuitika chakaitwa neboka kubva kuYunivhesiti yeSouthampton (UK) inotungamirirwa naTim M. Fuchs: vakakwanisa kuyera kupindirana kwegiravhiti pa. microscopic scale nekunzwa kutonhora. Pfungwa yake: kuburitsa chinhu 0,43 milligrams uchishandisa superconducting magineti patembiricha iri pedyo neabsolute zero uye wozoona masimba ari madiki se30 attonewtons (attonewton chikamu chimwe chetrillionth chenewton).
Iyo tekinoroji feat inoonekwa, asi chakakodzera ndechekuti izvi metrological capacity Izvi zvinotiswededza padyo nemukana wekuona ratidziro yekutanga yehuwandu hwemhedzisiro yegiravhiti mune inowedzera kureruka masisitimu. Chirongwa ndechekudzokorora kuyedza nemazhinji madiki kudzamara tasvika kune iyo quantum realm, nhanho yakakosha kana tichida kushandura fungidziro kuita chokwadi. uchapupu hwakasimba.
Nzira dzisina kujairika dziri kubudawo, senge chirevo che a post-quantum classical giravhiti (yakabatana neOppenheim), iyo inokurudzira kushandura dzidziso yehuwandu kuti iite kuti ienderane neyakajairwa relativity pasina quanting giravhiti sekudaro. Iyo inzira isina kujairika, asi inomutsa nhaurirano pamusoro pezvinoda kunyatso chinja kuti zvese zvibatane.
Zvichakadaro, vaongorori kubva Aalto University Mikko Partanen naJukka Tulkki vakapa gadziriso nyowani yegiravhiti setiyori yegeji, ine masimidhi akafanana neayo eStandard Model. Chinokosha kutsanangura kupindirana kuburikidza negeji yegeji-yakadai seye electromagnetic field-uye inokodzera giravhiti muchiumbwa ichocho chine symmetry inowirirana nemamwe masimba. Basa ravo, rakabudiswa muReports on Progress in Physics, rinotarisa kugadzirisazve kudzikamisa zvisingaperi: vakaratidza kuti inoshanda kune yekutanga kurongeka uye kutsvaga kuiratidza pane zvese zvakarairwa. Kana vakabudirira, vaizovhura nzira inoenda kune a renormalizable quantum field theory yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi.
Kunyangwe kufambira mberi uku kusati kwashandurirwa mumashandisirwo ekare, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti matekinoroji emazuva ese-akadai se GPS pafoni yako- vanoshanda nekutenda kune relativity. Kunzwisisa kuri nani kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, kana rikauya rakaputirwa mukushanda kwe quantum formalism, rinogona kuburitsa zvinoshamisa zvinoshamisa zvatisingatombofungire nhasi.
State of the art: chokwadi, kusahadzika uye zvinogoneka convergences
Parizvino, ivo vaviri vakanyanya kukwikwidza - tambo uye LQG - vari kukwikwidza kutsanangura chokwadi, asi vanogona zvakare. zadzisa muzvinhu zvakananga. Zvinogoneka kuti nzira mbiri idzi dzinogona kuratidza kuti hadzina kukwana (kana kuti dzisiridzo) uye kuti mhinduro iri mumubatanidzwa unogara nhaka yakanakisa yeimwe neimwe. Chii chine chokwadi ndechekuti nzira inoda humbowo hwesimba: miganhu kubva kune yakakwirira-simba astrophysics, yakanyanyisa metrology murabhoritari, uye cosmological traces mudenga.
Mamwe mazano anopfumisa nzvimbo uye anokurudzira ongororo yepfungwa dzakadai sekuenderera kwenzvimbo-nguva, basa reiyo geometric kumashure, kana chimiro che symmetries zvinotonga zvisikwa. Zvichakadaro, basa redzidziso rinofanirwa kuenderera mberi nekunatsa zvisingaperi, kujekesa miganhu yekirasi, uye kupa zano rekuona zvinogoneka.
A technical overview: minda, zvinogoneka, uye zvinongedzo
Chinhu chinobatsira chenhoroondo kurangarira basa re gauge mikana uye mitsara yemunda (mitemo yaFaraday) mukubatana kusiri-giravhiti. Mumagetsi emagetsi, zvese zvisina simba uye zvakasimba, zvinogona uye geji symmetries ndiwo mutauro wechisikigo. Kana simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinomanikidzirwa mumutauro iwoyo, zvimiro zvakaita se Zvisungo zvaWilson iyo encode holonomic ruzivo rwemunda.
Kubva pamaonero eLQG, chii chinogona kugaro kuyerwa chinosanganiswa neaya zvishwe zvinotozivikanwa se quantum graphs-the spin network-apo iwo edge ma label j asingapokane: anoratidza anomiririra epasi pesymmetry uye kutonga, kuburikidza nemirairo chaiyo, inzvimbo yakawanda sei kana volume Inopihwa kumharadzano nenzvimbo kana matunhu. Iyi discrete "granularity" haisi mesh yakamisikidzwa, asi mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwechimiro cheiyo geometry.
Icho chokwadi chekuti node dzinobata interleavers (morphisms inobatanidza iyo mativi emukati nekunzeIzvi zvinoratidza kuti quantum geometry haingori yemunharaunda padivi pemipendero, asi kuti kuenderana kunzvimbo dzemharadzano kunoisa hukama hwepasirese. Izvi zvinopa hurongwa hwemasvomhu kubva pakuedza kuvaka patsva masimba uye, netariro, iyo classic muganhu Rudyi.
Uye zvakadiniko nezvebasa rekuongorora checosmological?
Kana chimiro chenzvimbo chaive chakasarudzika, masiginecha madiki aigona kuoneka muzviitiko zvakaita sekupararira kwe Giravhiti mafungu kana mukubatana kwakajeka kweiyo cosmic microwave kumashure. Parizvino, imba ichiri kutsvairwa: iyo miganho inopindirana neyakatsetseka yakatsetseka nguva kusvika kumakero pazasi gumi.-35 Yangu, maererano neiyo gamma polarization data, kusundira ku10-48 m. Chero dzidziso inofanotaura mhedzisiro yakakura yatova patambo.
Makore ari kuuya anogona kupa zviratidzo zvitsva: zviridzwa zvinonyanya kusimba, akawedzera GRB catalogs, kuwedzera kunatswa polarization ongororo, uye kuyedza pa. levitated mukanyiwa izvo zvinounza iyo quantum hurumende yegiravhiti pedyo nebhenji re laboratori. Chidimbu chega chega che data chinomanikidza dzidziso kugadzirisa kana kurasa magumo akafa.
Mareferensi uye kuverenga kunokurudzirwa
Kuongorora zvakadzama, wongororo ye Carlo rolli (1998) muKurarama Ongororo muRelativity paLoop Quantum Gravity (doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-1). Ongororo yekutsvagisa ichangoburwa muLQG uye quantum cosmology inobatsirawo, sezvakaita zvinyorwa zvesainzi zvakakurumbira zvinorembera. chikamu mhedzisiro nematambudzikoNezve miganhu yekutarisa, zvinyorwa zveESA Integral mission inokurukura zvakadzama nezve gamma polarization inoongorora (inosanganisira GRB 041219A uye Crab Nebula). Munzvimbo yekuyedza marabhoritari, iyo Fuchs timu preprint inotsanangura iyo metrology kune attonewtons nevanhu vazhinji. Uye kune iyo gravitational gauge nzira, basa raPartanen naTulkki muMishumo pamusoro peKufambira mberi muFizikisi inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga.
Mushure merwendo urwu, zviri pachena kuti kuyananisa pakati pe quantum mechanics uye simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoramba rakazaruka, netambo uye ribhoni sezviratidzo zvikuru, mamwe mazano anowedzera mhedziso, uye data-kubva ku cosmos kusvika ku cryogenics-iyo yatove ichinatsa pfungwa; chinangwa chekupedzisira chinonongedza kune chimiro chinoremekedza dynamics of space-time, kugarisana ne quantum theory uye pakupedzisira kupasa bvunzo yekuyedza.
