Kubva pakatanga budiriro, munhu akaona kudikanwa bhuku zvinhu. Tsika dzakasimukira pasi rose hurongwa hwavo hwenhamba nokuda kwayo. Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora mahombe masystem echinyakare uye kuti akashanduka sei kuita sisitimu yatinoshandisa nhasi.
Maitiro ekutanga manhamba
Around iyo Zviuru gumi BC, munharaunda yeEgypt yekare, hurongwa hwehuwandu hwakanga hwatoshandiswa, hunobva pane hieroglyphic ideograms iyo basa raiva rekufambisa hurumende yehurumende, kuverenga kwemitero uye kuvakwa kwetemberi. Iyi system yaive decimal uye additive, kuisa zvikamu gumi panguva uye kugovera zviratidzo zveseti imwe neimwe. Masvomhu aikosha pakutengeserana uye pamabasa ezuva nezuva.
ari VaSumer, uyo aigara mudunhu reMesopotamia makore akapoteredza 4.000 BC, akagadzira imwe nzira yepamusoro yenhamba yakavakirwa pachigadziko. zvideo, ine positional system. Iyi nzira, yaive nehwaro makumi matanhatu, ndiyo inotungamira mayerero atinoita nguva nhasi (maawa, maminetsi, masekonzi). Kuverenga kwayo kwakaoma uye kwakaunza nhamba huru yenhamba.
Nhamba masisitimu mune mamwe magariro
- VaGiriki: Ivo pakutanga vakashandisa isiri-positional system yakavakirwa paarufabheti; Zvisinei, izvi zvakazova zvisingachinjiki mumashoko esvomhu.
- VaRoma: Yayo manhamba system, inozivikanwa se Nhamba dzeRoma, ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa. Yakanga iri nzira yekuwedzera yaimiririra huwandu uchishandisa mavara, asi yakanga isiri nzvimbo.
- The Chinese: Vakagadzira decimal uye multiplicative system yakatanga kushandiswa makore akapoteredza 1500 BC, iine ideograms inomiririra makumi, mazana nezviuru, izvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kunyora zvakawanda.
Kuwedzera kumaChinese neVaRoma, mamwe magariro akadai seInca akashandisa masisitimu enhamba akasiyana. Iyo Inca system yaive yakavakirwa pane khipus, tambo dzine mapfundo aimiririra nhamba dzedesimali, dzavaiverenga nadzo nokuchengeta mashoko, kunyanya zvinyorwa zvoupfumi.
MaMayans uye yavo vigesimal system
El mayan empire yakagadzira hurongwa hwekuverengera pakati pe400 ne300 BC vigesimal positional, inoonekwa seimwe yepamusoro-soro yekare, kwete chete nekuda kwayo, asi nekubatanidzwa kwe nhamba zero musvomhu dzavo, chimwe chinhu icho vaEurope vasina kutora kutozosvikira mazana amakore akawanda gare gare. Vaishandisa mbariro nemadotsi kumiririra nhamba, izvo zvaiita kuti vawane manhamba ari pakati pe1 ne19 nenzira iri nyore.
MaMayans akavakirwa manhamba avo panhamba 20, uye akabatanidza nhamba 1 kusvika 19 nehurongwa hwenzvimbo hwaibvumira kuti vamiririre huwandu hwakakura nemazvo. Iyi sisitimu yaishandiswa mune zvenyeredzi, sezvo vaikwanisa kuita masvomhu chaiwoiwo nezvepakamira zuva nedzimwe nyeredzi.
Nhaka yenhamba yevaHindu
La tsika yechiHindu Akaenderera mberi nekugadzira decimal uye positional system, inova hwaro hwenhamba dzatinoshandisa nhasi. MuIndia, kuenda Zviuru gumi BC, gadziriro yenhamba yenhamba yakatangwa umo ukoshi hwenhamba hwaitsamira pane imwe nzvimbo. Asi pasina mubvunzo, mupiro wake mukuru wemasvomhu waiva kugadzirwa kwe nhamba zero, akatanga afona Zunya, zvinoreva kuti 'isina'. Chigadzirwa ichi chakaita kuti zvive nyore kumiririra nhamba dzakaita se36, 360 kana 3006, kudzivirira kukanganisa kwakakura kwaimboitwa pakusiya nzvimbo dzisina chinhu.
Iyo nhamba system muEurope nekupararira kwayo pasi rose
Iyo Hindu decimal system, isiri iyo inozivikanwa se Arabic manhamba system, yakaunzwa kuEurope ne arab. Muzana ramakore rechi 10, maMuslim aigara kumaodzanyemba kweSpain akaunza hurongwa uhu kunyika yeEurope, uko hwakatsiva zvishoma nezvishoma nhamba dzeRoma nekuda kwekureruka uye kugona kuita masvomhu akaoma kunzwisisa. Kunyangwe yakamborambwa nemamwe zvikamu zvenzanga yeEurope nekuda kwekubva kune imwe nyika, mabhenefiti ayo anoshanda akaita kuti ikunde nekufamba kwenguva.
Akanga ari nyanzvi yemasvomhu yokuItaly Leonardo wePisa, anonyanya kuzivikanwa saFibonacci, uyo akakurudzira iyi hurongwa kuburikidza nebasa rake 'Liber Abaci'. Iyi sisitimu yakazvimisikidza senzira inotungamira yekuverengera pasi rose uye inoramba iri hwaro hwemabatiro atinoita masvomhu nhasi.
Iko kushanduka kwenhamba dzenhevedzano hufakazi hwechido chemunhu chekuisa, kuronga uye kuverenga, kugadzira maturusi akatibvumira kuwana zvinokatyamadza budiriro munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kutenda nekugadzirwa kwe cero and the mabhesi enhamba dzenzvimbo, budiriro yedu yakakwanisa kufambira mberi mune zvemichina.