Anthropology, sainzi inonzvera munhu nenzira yakazara, inotiratidza kuti rudzi rwedu muuyo wemamiriyoni amakore emhindumupindu. Kuburikidza nezvisaririra uye nekuenzanisa fundo yezvipenyu, zvave zvichibvira kurongedza zvakasiyana mhando dzehominids zvichibva pakugona kwavo, hunhu hwemuviri nemafambiro, izvi zvichikosha kuti tinzwisise shanduko yedu pachedu.
Kwemakore, zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakawanda zvakaratidza mhando dzakasiyana dzehominids, dzimwe dzakatsakatika uye dzimwe dzichiripo. Zvakawanikwa zvakatibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani magadzirirwo akaitwa vanhu uye kuti takasvika sei pakuva mhuka dzine simba panyika. Pazasi, isu tinoongorora zvakadzama mhando huru dzehominids uye maitiro avo.
Chii chinonzi hominids?
Hominids imhuri yezvikara, nesainzi inozivikanwa se Hominidae, iyo inoratidzirwa nekufamba pamakumbo maviri, kuve nehunyanzvi hwekuziva hwepamusoro zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe primates uye kuva nehuropi hukuru. Mhuri iyi inosanganisira vanhu vemazuvano (Homo sapiens) uye madzitateguru avo chaiwo, mamwe acho akatsakatika. Mukuwedzera, hominids inosanganisirawo mamwe maape makuru akadai segorira, chimpanzi uye orangutans, zvichiratidza kuti hatisi isu chete mhuka mukati memhuri huru iyi.
Ichi chikamu chakakosha pakudzidza shanduko yemunhu sezvo chichitibvumidza kuona kuti madzitateguru akasiyana evanhu akagadzira sei hunyanzvi hwekurarama munzvimbo dzakasiyana, kutora mararamiro akaomarara, sekugadzira maturusi kana kudzora moto.
Mhando dzehominids
1. Homo habilis
El Homo habilis, zvinoreva kuti "munhu ane unyanzvi", ndiye mumwe wevamiririri vekutanga vekushanduka kwevanhu. Vakararama makore anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri apfuura muAfrica uye vanoonekwa sevekutanga hominids kutanga kushandisa zvishandiso zvematombo. Aya maturusi ekutanga akavabvumira kuvhima mhuka diki, kuunganidza chikafu, uye kuzvidzivirira kune vangangoita zvikara.
El Homo habilis, zvichienzaniswa nevakatangira, senge australopithecus, vaive nehuropi hukuru, huine hurefu hunenge huri pakati pe510 ne600 cm³, izvo zvakavapa mukana wekufunga uye hunyanzvi hwemotokari. Kunofadzawo kuziva kuti kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasina unyanzvi hwomutauro sezvatinouziva nhasi, sezvingabvira vakanga vane chimiro chakati chikuru chokukurukurirana nemashoko.
2. Homo erectus
El Homo erectus, ane zita rinoreva kuti "munhu akarurama," anozivikanwa kuva mumwe wevanhu vekutanga kubuda muAfrica. Inofungidzirwa kuti yakararama pakati pemamiriyoni 1,8 nemakore 150.000 apfuura, uye ndiyo yekutanga hominid mhando yekugadzira muviri wakagadziridzwa. famba wakatwasuka nenzira yakareba. Yakanga iine chimiro chepfupa chakasimba uye huropi hukuru kana ichienzaniswa nevakaitangira, inosvika pakati pe600 ne1.100 cm³, iyo yakaibvumira kuvandudza hunhu hwayo hwemagariro uye kugona kwayo kushandisa mamwe maturusi akaomarara.
Imwe yemipiro yake mikuru yaive kudzora moto, izvo zvisina kuvabvumira chete kubika zvokudya, asiwo kuzvidzivirira kubva kunotonhora uye zvikara. Ichi chiitiko chakakosha mukushanduka kwevanhu chaive chakakosha pakurarama nekupararira kwerudzi urwu.
Zvisaririra zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti Homo erectus Yakatama ichipfuura neAsia neEurope, iyo inoratidza kugona kwayo kujairana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana. Uyezve, zvinotendwa kuti mhuka iyi ndiyo yekutanga kushandisa mutauro wakarongeka kutaurirana.
3. Homo sapiens
El Homo sapiens, iro rinoreva kuti “munhu anoziva” kana kuti “murume akachenjera,” ndiwo marudzi ayo vanhu varipo. Yakaonekwa makore angangoita 300.000 apfuura muAfrica uye ndiyo yega hominid yakakwanisa kurarama kusvika nhasi. Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi ehominid, the Homo sapiens yakaratidza kugona kwakasiyana kwekugadzirisa nekudzora nharaunda yayo kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye hwakaoma, pamwe netsika nehunyanzvi.
El Homo sapiens Iine huropi hunosvika 1.350 cm³, iyo yakaibvumira kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekuziva, sekufunga kusinganzwisisike, kuvandudzwa kwemutauro wekutaura uye kuronga kwenguva refu. Kugona kwayo kugadzira maturusi chaiwo, semapfumo nematemo, uye kugona kwayo kuchinjika kune dzakasiyana siyana pasirese kwakaibvumira kuti iwedzere kumakondinendi ese.
Mamwe mahominids akakosha mukushanduka-shanduka
1. Ardipithecus
El Ardipithecus imhando yehominids yakararama makore angangoita 4,4 miriyoni apfuura. Zvisaririra zvakawanikwa kusvika nhasi zvinoratidza kuti hominid iyi yaigara mumasango ane hunyoro eAfrica uye yaitofamba iri pabipedal position, kunyangwe yaikwirawo mumiti. Huropi hwayo hwaive hudiki, asi bipedalism yayo inoratidza chinhu chakakosha mukushanduka kwevanhu. Inoonekwa seimwe yekutanga hominids kuratidza iyi yakakosha hunhu mukushanduka kwedu.
2. Australopithecus
Iri genus rinosanganisira akati wandei emhando dzehominids dzakararama pakati pemamiriyoni mana ne4 emakore apfuura. Zvichida fossil yakakurumbira yakawanikwa ndeye "Lucy", mukadzi Australopithecus afarensis. Iyi hominid yaive bipedal uye inoratidza imwe yematanho ekutanga akakosha ekushanduka kwevanhu vemazuva ano. Vaive nehuropi hudiki, asi vaigona kufamba vakamira nemakumbo maviri, izvo zvakavabvumira kunyatsoongorora nzvimbo dzakafara kutsvaga chikafu.
Kune zvakare zvikamu zviviri zvejenasi iyi: imwe yakasimba uye imwe ine nyasha. Iyo yakasimba shanduro, inozivikanwa se Paranthropus, vaive neshaya hombe dzakanyanya kudyiwa muriwo wakaoma.
3. Homo neanderthalensis
El homo neanderthalensis, anowanzozivikanwa somurume weNeanderthal, akanga ari mhondi yaigara muEurope nemativi eAsia kutozosvikira makore anenge 40.000 XNUMX apfuura. Hunhu hwavo hwemuviri hwakange hwakasiyana nehweva Homo sapiens, sezvo dzakanga dzakasimba uye dziri pfupi, kunyange zvazvo dzine uropi hwakatokura. Vakakudziridza tsika dzepamusoro, dzine maturusi chaiwo noufakazi hwemiitiro yamariro, zvichiratidzira rudzi rwokufunga kwokufananidzira.
Uyezve, kuongororwa kwemajini kuchangobva kuitika kwakaratidza kuti pakanga paine kuberekesana pakati peNeanderthal nevanhu vemazuva ano, zvichitisiya tiine nhaka shoma kubva kwavari.
4. Homo antecessor
Akawanikwa munzvimbo yeAtapuerca, kuSpain, iyo Homo anotsiviwa Ndiyo imwe yemhando dzekare dzehominids dzakagara muEurope, makore anenge 800.000 apfuura. Kunyangwe hukama hwayo hwakananga ne Homo sapiens Iyo ichiri nyaya yekukakavadzana, kuwanikwa kwayo kwakatibvumira kudzidza zvakawanda nezvekupararira kwekutanga hominids kunze kweAfrica.
Hunhu hwakakosha hwemahominids
bipedalism
El bipedalism Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zvinotsanangura hominids. Shanduko yekufamba iyi yakabvumira hominids kusunungura makumbo avo epamusoro kune zvimwe zviitiko, sekugadzira maturusi uye kuunganidza chikafu. Pamusoro pezvo, kufamba nemakumbo maviri kwaive kwakakosha kuti urarame munzvimbo dzakafara, dzakavhurika.
Huropi hukuru
Kukura muhukuru hwehuropi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha zvebudiriro yekushanduka kwehominids. Kubva ku Homo habilis kusvikira Homo sapiens, hukuru hwehuropi hwakawedzera zvakanyanya, izvo zvakabvumira kwete chete hukuru hwekuziva, asiwo kukura kwemutauro, tsika uye teknolojia.
Kugadziriswa kwevanhu uye kutaurirana
Sezvo mahominids akashanduka, ndizvo zvakaitawo kugona kwavo kusangana mumapoka akaomarara emagariro. Kunyangwe mafomu ekutanga ekutaurirana angangove mashoma, nekufamba kwenguva vakagadzira mitauro yakaoma yakavabvumira kufambisa ruzivo kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa, kugadzira maturusi epamusoro, uye kuzvironga munharaunda dzakabatana.
Kudzidza kwemahominids kunotibvumira kuona maitiro anonakidza ekushanduka kwevanhu. Kuburikidza nezvisaririra zvavo zvezvisaririra, maturusi uye hunhu hwemagariro, tinogona kuenderera mberi nekuona kuti madzitateguru edu akachinja sei mamiriro ezvinhu uye sei, pakupedzisira, isu, Homo sapiens, takauya kuzotonga pasi. Ruzivo urwu harungotibatanidzi chete kune zvakapfuura, asi runotibatsirawo kuti tinzwisise zviri nani nzvimbo yedu mune zvakasikwa uye kuti zviito zvedu zvazvino zvinogona kukanganisa ramangwana remarudzi edu.