Tsika dzeMayan: Nhoroondo, Kufambira mberi uye Nhaka

  • MaMayans akagadzirwa muMesoamerica kubva 2600 BC
  • Vakagadzira hurongwa hwakaoma hwekunyora uye masvomhu, kusanganisira pfungwa ye zero.
  • VaMayans vakasiya nhaka inoshamisa mune zvenyeredzi, zvivakwa uye chitendero.

Temberi yevaMaya

VaMayans vakamira seimwe yeakakosha uye ane pesvedzero budiriro mukondinendi yeAmerica. Vakabuda munenge mugore ra2600 BC. C. uye yakasimudzirwa munzvimbo yakakura inosanganisira maodzanyemba kweMexico, Guatemala, Belize uye zvikamu zveHonduras neEl Salvador.

Kwemakore, VaMayans vakabudirira zvinokatyamadza munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai sezvivakwa, nyeredzi, masvomhu, uye kunyora.. Nhasi, nhaka yaro inoonekwa kuburikidza nehukuru hwemaguta akadai seChichén Itzá neTikal.

VaMaya vaivepi?

Nharaunda yeMayan

VaMaya vaigara a nzvimbo huru muMesoamerica iyo yaibva kumaodzanyemba kweMexico (kunyanya muYucatan Peninsula uye nyika dzeChiapas neTabasco) kuenda kuGuatemala, Belize nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kweHonduras neEl Salvador. Iyi nharaunda yakaumbwa nenzvimbo dzakakwirira nedzakadzikira, dzine mamirire ekunze akasiyana aipesvedzera mararamiro avo.

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo inogona kukamurwa kuita nzvimbo nhatu huru:

  • Highlands: Inowanikwa zvakanyanya muGuatemala, Honduras neEl Salvador. Dzakanga dziri nzvimbo dzine makomo dzine makomo anoputika.
  • Petén lowlands: MuBelize, kumaodzanyemba kweYucatán neGuatemala. Inoratidzwa nemasango akakora uye masango.
  • Northern Lowlands: Kuchamhembe kweYucatán, nzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru ine miviri mishoma inooneka yemvura.

Nhoroondo yeMaya

Matongo eguta reMayan

Nhoroondo yebudiriro yeMayan yakarongwa kuita nguva dzinoverengeka dzakakosha dzinoratidza kuti tsika dzakasangana sei nenguva dzekusimuka, matambudziko uye kutangazve kwemazana emakore:

  1. Nguva yeArchaic (8000-2000 BC): Iyi nhanho iri pamberi pekubuda kwemaguta ekutanga. Munguva iyi, vaMayans vakagadzira mararamiro ehupenyu, maererano nekurima, kunyanya kurima chibage.
  2. Preclassical Period (2000 BC–250 AD): Muchikamu chino, nzvimbo dzekutanga dzakatanga kubatanidza uye zvisaririra zvemaguta akakosha akadai seNakbé neKaminaljuyú zvakawanikwa. Kurima kwaiitwa pamwero mukuru, uye maguta akatanga kukura muhukuru. Pakupera kwenguva iyi, zviyeuchidzo zvinokosha zvakavakwa, uye kunyora kweglyphic kwakatanga kushandiswa.
  3. Nguva yeClass (250-950 AD): Munguva yeClassic nguva, maMayans akawana kubwinya kwavo kukuru. Maguta makuru akadai seTikal, Palenque neCopán akavakwa. Iyi nguva yakaona budiriro inocherechedzwa mukuvaka, nyeredzi uye kunyora. Yakanga iriwo nhanho yehondo dzenguva dzose pakati pemaguta akasiyana-siyana. Kubatana uye ruvengo zvakaita basa rakakosha mune zvematongerwo enyika.
  4. Nguva yePostclassic (950-1539 AD): Pasinei nokuputsika kwemaguta ari kumaodzanyemba, mamwe kuchamhembe, akadai seChichén Itzá neUxmal, akasvika pakutanhamara zvikuru. Zvisinei, kusvika kwevaSpanish muzana remakore rechi16 kwakaratidza kuguma kweiyi nhambo uye kwebudiriro yeMayan sokuzivikanwa kwayaiitwa.
  5. Nguva yekuonana: Kubva muna 1511 kusvika muna 1697, vaMayans vakakurukurirana nevaSpanish. Mushure memakore ekupikisa, maguta ekupedzisira akazvimiririra, akadai seTayasal, akawira mumaoko evakundi.

Kufambira mberi mune zvenyeredzi uye masvomhu

Mayan nyoka

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvikuru zvebudiriro yeMayan yaive ruzivo rwavo rwakadzama rwezvenyeredzi nemasvomhu. Vakagadzira makarenda akanyatsojeka, akadai seanozivikanwa zvikuru Yakareba Count Calendar, izvo zvakavabvumira kuverenga zvakarurama misi yenyeredzi uye kurongeka.

MaMayans aivewo mamwe ekutanga budiriro yekushandisa pfungwa ye'zero', kufambira mberi kwakakosha kunove kwakakosha mukusimudzira masvomhu. Kubatanidzwa kweruzivo urwu kwakavabvumira kufanotaura zviitiko zvenyeredzi, zvakadai sokuora kwezuva uye solstices.

Mamiriro emagariro uye ezvematongerwo enyika

Kubudirira kweMayan kwakanga kusina kubatana pasi pehurumende imwe chete yepakati. Panzvimbo pezvo, rakanga rakarongwa kuva maguta akazvimirira, rimwe nerimwe riine vanhu varo vakakwirira vanotonga, vanoumbwa namadzimambo navakuru vakuru. Munharaunda yeMayan, mutongi mukuru weguta aizivikanwa se halach uinic, vaiva nemasimba ehurumende neechitendero.

Uyewo, Vapristi vaiita basa guru munzanga, sezvo vaiva nebasa rokuita tsika nezvibayiro zvaiitirwa kufadza vamwari. Zvakare, vanhuwo zvavo, mhizha uye varimi vakachengeta chimiro chehupfumi nekuzvipira kune zvekurima, kuvaka uye mhizha.

Chitendero uye Worldview

Chitendero cheMayan chaiva kunamatwa kwakadzama, uye vaidavira kuti chadenga chaiumbwa nemasimba matatu akasiyana: denga, pasi, uye pasi. Aya mativi matatu akabatanidzwa, uye vaMaya vaitenda kuti vamwari vavo vakapesvedzera zvakananga zviitiko zvechisikigo uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Itzamna akanga ari mwari mukuru, musiki wezvinhu zvose, nepo vamwe vamwari vanokosha vakaita sa Kukulkan (nyoka ine minhenga) uye chack (mwari wemvura) akaitawo mabasa anokosha mungano dzavo. Zvibayiro nezvibayiro zvaikosha pakukumbira goho rakanaka, nyasha kubva kuna vanamwari uye dziviriro panjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.

Glyphic kunyora uye kurekodha nhoroondo

VaMayans vakagadzira kunyora kwakaoma, kwakapfuma-chiratidzo kunozivikanwa sekunyora kweglyphic. Mayan hieroglyphs akashandiswa kunyora zvese zviitiko zvekare uye ruzivo rwechitendero pane stelae, temberi, uye makodhi.. Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda zvezvinyorwa izvi zvakaparadzwa panguva yekukunda kweSpain, mamwe makodhi akapona uye anopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro petsika dzavo uye zvitendero.

Cultural nhaka

Tsika dzevaMaya

Nanhasi, Nhaka yekuvaka uye tsika yevaMayans inoshamisa. Zviyeuchidzo zvakadai seTemberi yeGreat Jaguar paTikal, iyo inocherechedzwa paChichén Itzá uye matombo ari kuCopán anoratidza hunyanzvi hwevaMayans mukuvaka, engineering nehunyanzvi.

Pamusoro pezvo, mazhinji etsika, mitambo, uye zvitendero zvevazukuru vemazuva ano veMaya zvichiri kuitwa munzvimbo dzeGuatemala neMexico, kuchengetedza mhenyu tsika yakapfuma munhoroondo uye zviratidzo.

Kukanganisa kwevaMayans pakuongorora nyeredzi, masvomhu uye zvivakwa zvinoramba zviri mumwe wemienzaniso inokatyamadza yezvakaitwa nebudiriro yepamberi peColumbian, kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo uye zvakatipoteredza kuvaka imwe yetsika dzinonakidza munhoroondo.


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