Kupfuura chimiro chekunaka, Romanticism yaive nzira nyowani yekuve munyika. Zvichibuda mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, zvakakonzera kusagadzikana kwetsika kwakakanganisa hunyanzvi, zvinyorwa, zvematongerwo enyika, uye pfungwa dzemazuva ese. Mukupesana nekurongeka kwakarongeka kweChiedza uye zvimiro zveRegime Yekare, meseji yayo yaive kuzvipira ku... rusununguko, kuzviisa pasi uye rudzi, cocktail yakabatidza mepu yeEurope nemafungu ekuchinja uye kusati kwamboitika kuongorora kwehunyanzvi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu emweya aya akachinja nzvimbo yacho kuita chioni-oni chemweya, akaita kuti munyori wacho ave munhu anozvitonga, uye nguva yakapfuura dombo rokufananidzira rokufungazve nezvezvino. Romanticism yakanga isiri yunifomu: pakanga paine mapazi anochengetedza uye echiKristu, uye mamwe aive pachena akasununguka uye achimukira. Mune ose, zvisinei, fungidziro yakajairika yakanga iri kutyora mould, kupikisa mirairo, uye kupa izwi kumanzwiro nenharaunda iyo kusvika panguva iyoyo yakanga yaiswa parutivi ne classicist canon, sezvakaratidzwa na vanotungamira varatidziri veRomanticism.
Chii chaiva Romanticism uye nei chakakonzera kuparara kweOld Regime?
Sangano racho rakajeka sekuita kune Kudzorerwa kwakatevera Congress yeVienna. Mabhunu ari kusimukira nevanhu vane ruzivo rwenyika rwakakura vakaramba zvisungo zveabsolutism uye miganhu yavaiona seyakagadzirwa. Nokudaro, pakati pa1820 na1848, Europe yakazununguka masaisai echimurenga akakurudzira rusununguko uye urudziPanguva imwecheteyo, capitalism yeindasitiri uye zvematongerwo enyika eparamende yemazuva ano zvakatanga kuitika.
Munzvimbo yemazano, Romanticism yakadzora hutungamiriri hweChiedza: yakaisa manzwiro, fungidziro, uye intuition pamusoro pechikonzero chisinganzwisisike. Uku kupinduka kwakamutsa pfungwa yezvakawanda yechokwadi uye hunyanzvi hwakanangana nahwo ruzivo rwemukati, zviroto, zvisinganzwisisike uye zvinokudzwaIyo pachayo yakave iyo axis, kupokana, uye ngano, uye kushungurudzika kwepedyo uku kwakakwenenzverwa muzvinyorwa zvekunyora senge gamba reByronic kana Goethe's Werther.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aisundidzira kudivi rimwe chete: njanji dzevatyairi, ngarava huru dzesimbi dzinoyambuka, teregirafu, uye masisitimu ekutanga ekutaurirana azvino zvakaunza shanduko mumaonero enguva nenzvimbo. Zvichipesana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, pfungwa dzakavhurika shanduko dzakabata, iyo yakaona kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji seyakatarisana, asi zvakare yakazviisa pasi ... kutsoropodza kwehunhu uye kuvepokunyanya apo kusaenzana kana mhirizhonga yaipikisa zvipikirwa zvemazuva ano.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, urudzi hwakanga huri simba risingagoni kumiswa. Zvichikuchidzirwa nezvinangwa zverusununguko uye zverudo, zvakakurudzira rusununguko rwemarudzi ari pasi pemasimba makuru, kubatana kwevanhu vakapatsanuka, uye, munyika dzakatobatanidzwa, zvakare pamutemo. mapurojekiti eumambo nemakoloniIyi ambivalence inoburitsa hupamhi hwekufamba: yakabatanidza patriotic epic neye medievalizing melancholy, kumukira kwezvematongerwo enyika neshungu nokuda kwezvakarashika.
Romantic visual arts: kupenda uye kuvezwa
Painting yaive nzvimbo yakasarudzika yeRomantic sensibility. Hunyanzvi hwayo hwehunyanzvi uye hwekurondedzera huchinjika hwakabvumira maartist kuti aongorore manzwiro, chromatic fantasy, uye kushushikana kunoshamisa. MuFrance, pakati pe1820 na1840, hondo yekushongedza yakarwiwa pakati peNeoclassicists neRomantics. Muna 1819, Théodore Géricault akakurudzira Paris Salon ne Iyo Raft yeMedusa: diagonals, chiaroscuro, ocher palette uye chiitiko chemazuva ano chakakwira kubva pakupererwa kuenda kune tariro, zvese zvine mabhurashi asina kusimba uye maratidziro akasimba.
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Eugène Delacroix akabatanidza chimiro cheRomantic. Makanivhasi ake akazadzwa neruvara, simba, uye nhoroondo uye zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo. Rusununguko runotungamirira vanhu (1830) anoronga zviumbwa mupiramidhi, nevakafa pahwaro nedimikira reRusununguko kumusoro vachivheyesa mureza wetricolor; denga rine dutu uye kusiyana kwechiedza neruvara kunowedzera kushushikana. In Kuurayiwa kwevanhu paChios (1824), toni dzemhangura, chromatism ingangoita monotonous uye mapiramidhi evanhu anotaurirana kushungurudzika kwehondo yeGreek yekuzvitonga kupikisa Humambo hweOttoman.
Mumakore aya, nhoroondo ichangoburwa, Napoleonic epics, uye Middle Ages yakashanda sechiratidzo che repertoire. Iyo canvas yakava theatre yehukuru, inonzwisa tsitsi, uye yakasarudzika, ine chigadzirwa chikuru chekugadzira uye chido chekufambaPanguva imwecheteyo, tsika itsva yemamiriro ekunze yakabuda iyo yakarega kuva kumashure uye ikava chirevo chekuzviisa pasi: matenga ane rima, dutu, mafashamo, uye mamiriro ekunze anoshandura mafungiro emuimbi uye muoni.
Sculpture yaive nehukama husinganzwisisike neRomanticism. Zvaionekwa sezvisina kunyanyokodzera kutaura pfungwa dzeRomantic, sezvo yakaramba yakasungirirwa kune yekare canon. Kunyange zvakadaro, mutauro mutsva wakabuda muFrance, une mass dynamism uye pathos yezviito. Zvifananidzo zvakaita saAuguste Préault zvakaratidza simba rinoratidza pedyo nekutaura kwakazotevera, ukuwo François Rude akawana mukurumbira nekuzorora. Kuenda kwevanozvipira kubva kuArc de Triomphe, yakakurumbira seLa Marseillaise. Carpeaux, mudzidzi waRude, akanatsa iyo anatomical zvakadzama uye akaunza chivezwa chakanangana neRealism nemabasa akadai se. Dance.
Landscape uye Barbizon Chikoro: Kubva Romanticism kuenda kuRealism
Kuma1830, Chikoro cheBarbizon chakamutsiridza pendi yeFrance nekupenda kunze uye kutora zvisikwa senzvimbo yakananga, zvichiramba. studio lighting magunganoBoka iri, naThéodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet, Jules Dupré naCamille Corot, vakagadzira cheni inobatanidza Dutch neFlemish landscape pendi neRomanticism, Realism, uye pakupedzisira Impressionism.
Millet ndiro raiva zita guru reBarbizon. Madingindira ake erustic -Ngirozi, Mudyari, Mucheri, Murume ane Badza- Vanobatanidza chimiro chemunhu uye zvisikwa nechitendero chekutaura uye basa rekushanda rinofananidzira Social Realism. Corot naRousseau, kune chikamu chavo, vakanyura nhetembo yechiedza nemhepo izvo zvingave zvakakosha kune maImpressionists.
KuGermany, Caspar David Friedrich akashandura nzvimbo kuita chiono chemweya: mhute ine mhute, mazaya echando akatsemuka, zvimiro zvakafuratira, uye kunyarara kusinganzwisisike. Mabasa akadai Friar pagungwa kana kuputsika kwechikepe pakati peaizi, dzimwe nguva kunonzi kunyura kwetariro, kunoderedza kushushikana kwerudo uye chiitiko chekusingaperi.
MuBelgium, Italy, neHolland, vapendi venzvimbo nevenhoroondo vakabuda, vachipesvedzerwa neFrance netsika dzeko, kunyangwe pasina simba rimwechete rekuvandudza. Kurudziro yavo yakajairwa yakabva mukunzwisisa kutsva: hunhu hwakarega kuva chidzidzowo zvacho uye ndokuva... nyaya nehupenyu hwepamweya, kufungisisa uye kufungidzira kwega.
England: Constable uye Turner, rabhoritari yechiedza
MuUnited Kingdom, Romanticism yakadzika midzi mumamiriro ezvinhu akasununguka akakurudzira kuedza. John Constable akakwidziridza pendi yepasi kusvika padanho repamusoro nesitaera aisanganisa maonero ekunze nemaonerwo epedyo. Zvimiro zvake zvekumaruwa, sekuti Salisbury Cathedral o The fordVanoongorora chiaroscuro yechisikigo nemachira uye kusiyanisa kunoshamisa kwechiedza, kutora makore, mvura nezvinomera ine yakananga, inenge yemeteorological sensitivity.
Joseph Mallord William Turner, anonzi muvezi wechiedza, akasundira miganhu yemhepo. Kunyangwe aive shasha yekupenda oiri, akaunza hunyanzvi hwekuita zvemvura pajirasi kuti awane kupenya kusati kwamboonekwa uye kupenya. Mamiriro ake akanyatsoita zverudo mumutambo wavo uye chishuwo chavo chekutora kupuruzira kwehukuru mune zvakasikwa. mwoto, kuputsika kwengarava, madutu, zviitiko zvakanyanyisaRuskin akamutsanangura semuimbi ainyatso gadzirisa humiro hwechisikigo.
Turner's rondedzero yeakakosha mabasa yakakura: iyo nhoroondo Hannibal achiyambuka Alps Inosanganisira simba rinoparadza rezvisikwa; manzwiro Ngarava yevaranda uye nengano Iyo Temerario yakadhonzwa kune yayo yekupedzisira Vanoratidza kubwinya kukuru uye rubvunzavaeni rwenguva; Tintern Abbey y Venice: San Giorgio Maggiore Ivo vanosanganisira tsika dzechirungu landscape dhizaini, nepo Mvura, chiputi uye kumhanya (1844) inotora, nechinguva chipfupi, musanganiswa wemhute, mvura, uye utsi hunoti: mufananidzo wenguva, wekumhanya, uye unotarisira Impressionism na. kuparadzwa kwefomu.
Muchikamu chake chekupedzisira, Turner akaswedera pedyo nemicheto mumabasa akadai Kwayedza ine zvikara zvegungwa o Yacht iri kusvika kumahombekombeane hunhu, chiedza, uye ruvara sevamiriri vakakwana. Vatsoropodzi vazhinji vakaona kupenga uko kwaive nemazuva ano. Nhaka yake yaive yakakura: kubva kumaImpressionists kusvika kuma20th-century artists vakaita se Rothko kana KandinskyKufurira kwake kunorondwa. Mushure mekufa kwake muna 1851, basa rake rakawanda rakaramba riri muBritish public collections, kunyanya Clore Gallery; Mubairo weTurner wakatosimbiswa mukukudzwa kwake, humbowo hwe chokwadi chakatsiga chakasimba.
Spain: Kubva kuRegime yekare kuenda kuRiberalism. Theatre, Prose, uye Nyika
Spanish Romanticism yakasvika pakati pemakakatanwa. Muna 1817, Böhl de Faber akadzivirira Golden Age theatre-kunyanya Calderón-sechiratidzo chenyika muCádiz, mukupesana neclassicism. Vakasununguka, pamwe Jose Joaquin de Mora Pamberi, vakapindura nemweya weencyclopedic. Kupokana ikoko kwakaratidza nzvimbo: tsika maringe nemazuva ano, nyika yechiKatorike maringe neshanduko, asi yakagadzirirawo nzira ye inotevera symbiosis pakati pe liberalism uye romanticism.
Makore Gumi Anotyisa (1823-1833) akadzinga vakasununguka vakawanda muutapwa muLondon, uko vakagamuchira runako rutsva pachavo. Mushure mekuregererwa kwe1833, vakadzokera kuimba yemitambo nesimba: muna 1834, mitambo yakatanga. Kurangana kweVenice (Martínez de la Rosa) uye Macías (Larra); muna 1835, Don Álvaro kana simba remhedzisiro (Duke weRivas) akashandisa zano rezvaizoitika uye shungu dzisingadzoreki; uye gare gare, Zorrilla akabatanidza mutambo werudo na Don Juan Tenorio y Mutengesi, asina kureurura uye anofiraKufurira kwe Victor Hugo Zvakanga zvakaoma.
Mune prose, akabudirira tsikaMhando yemifananidzo yemaguta uye marudzi emagariro evanhu, akabatanidzwa nekukwira kwepepanhau, akaona Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, neMadrid Scenes yake, achisiya nhoroondo yakapinza yeMadrid mukushandurwa; Serafín Estébanez Calderón akaita zvimwe chetezvo neAndalusian Scenes. Kunyange zvazvo ainyanya kufananidzira chikamu chepakati chepasi, akabatanidzawo kutarisa kwakananga, kunyomba, uye pfungwa yezvakaitika kare.
Nhoroondo yenganonyorwa yakabata kutenda kuna Walter Scott naManzoni. MuSpain, Enrique Gil y Carrasco zvimwe akasvika pakakwirira ne Ishe weBembibrePakati pezvimwe zvidimbu, zvakaita se *Nightfall muSan Antonio de la Florida* ne *Lake Carucedo*, zvikamu zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakarondedzerwa, seHondo yeRusununguko, zvichigadzira nzira yezvaizoguma makumi emakore gare gare. Zvikamu zveNyika naGaldós.
Mariano José de lara Akanga ari mutori wenhau mukuru weRomantic. Zvinyorwa zvake, zvakaoma kuisa mumapoka, kusanganisa tsinhiro yemagariro, satire yezvematongerwo enyika, uye nzwisiso yakajekeswa. Mugari wenhaka kuna Cadalso, Jovellanos, Baba Isla, naCervantes, chinyoreso chake chaiva rudo-yakasununguka kuora mwoyoRusununguko rwakanga rusina kuunza kuvandudzwa kunotarisirwa, uye nyika yakatenderera pakati pekunyanyisa. Kuziva uku kwakafanofananidzira kuchinja kune mamwe eclectic uye echokwadi zvinzvimbo.
Goya: iyo huru hinge yakanangana nemazuva ano
Francisco de Goya Aive mupendi akakosha uye muvezi. Kubva pamavambo ake eAragonese uye nerwendo rwake rwekuItari, akapfuura nemumatare eNeoclassicism uye nematepi katuni zvisati zvaitika, mushure mekurwara muna 1793, achipinda muchikamu chakashinga chekugadzira, chine misoro isinganakidze uye maitiro akasununguka. The Disasters of War, inenge nhoroondo yemazuva ano, inonyora mhirizhonga pasina hugamba. Mifananidzo yake yeChipiri neChitatu yaMay yakagadzira muenzaniso we contemporary history paint wepasi rose.
ari Black Paintings (1819-1823), akaurayiwa muoiri pane yakaoma plaster pamadziro eQuinta del Sordo uye akazoendeswa kune canvas, ine isina zita remifananidzo manifesto nemuimbi, yakanyorwa naAntonio de Brugada. Zvinosanganisira: Atropos kana The Fates; Varume Vaviri Vakwegura kana Murume Akwegura uye Friar; Vakuru Vaviri Vachidya Muto; Duel neCudgels kana The Quarrel; Sabata reVaroyi; Varume Kuverenga; Judhiti naHorofenesi; Rwendo rwekuSan Isidro; Vakadzi vaviri nemurume; Kufambira kuTsime reSan Isidro kana Kufora kweHofisi Tsvene; Imbwa; Saturn Kudya Mwanakomana; A Manola: Doña Leocadia Zorrilla; uye Fantastic Vision kana Asmodea.
Kuumbwa kwayo ndeyekuchinja: zvimiro zvepakati, ruzhinji rwakatamiswa kune rimwe divi, mafuremu akachekwa, uye nzvimbo huru dzisina chinhu sezvazviri. ImbwaZviratidziro zvakawanda ndezvehusiku kana manheru, ne ochers, toni dzepasi, grey uye matema Pane palette, mamwe machena machena uye akangwara eblues uye girinhi. Zviso zvinochinjana pakati pekutaura kwekuzvibata uye kutarisa kwemusango uye shaya dzakashama, dzakaganhurana nezvinosemesa. Goya inoshandura kutarisa kwekunaka kwerunako kuenda kune zvinotyisa uye zvinonzwisa tsitsikutarisira kutaura uye 20th-century sensibility.
Goya akaongorora marudzi ese: echitendero, ngano, adimikira, rudzi, mufananidzo, uye magariro satire. Munhau dzenzanga, iye akarwisa ushati hwavafundisi, kushaikwa kwetsika pakati pavakuru vakuru, kutenda mashura, Bvunzurudzo, uhure, masimba masimba, uye hondo. Kubudirira kwake kweunyanzvi kunogona kukamurwa kuva imwe nguva ine tariro uye inosuruvarisa, inoratidzwa nekusanzwa uye kusawirirana kwenhoroondo. Kubata kwake kwakasvika kure: akadanwa pendi yekutanga yemazuva anoAkapesvedzera Romanticism, aitarisira kunonoka Impressionism (The Milkmaid weBordeaux), uye akavhura mikova ye Expressionism uye Surrealism (Caprichos). Hurukuro yake naVelázquez inoenderera mberi: muMhuri yaCharles IV, sezvakaita Las Meninas, mupendi anozvibatanidza mupendi, asi Goya anoratidza humambo musoro-pasi pasina hunyengeri, achishandura mufananidzo weDynastic kuita mufananidzo. tsananguro yetsika.
Kubva Kukwidziridzwa kuenda kuChaiyo: 1848, Positivism uye Courbet
Pashure pa1848, mamiriro okunze akachinja. Shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika, kukura kwemaindasitiri, telegraph, uye mitsva yehupenyu yakasimudzira hunhu hwakanangana netarisiro. Iyo positivism ye auguste comte Yakasimudzira chokwadi, chiitiko chinogoneka, uye muunyanzvi chakanyatsojekeswa muRealism: rekodhi yehupenyu hwemazuva ese, matambudziko emagariro, uye maonero akakomba emabhunu. Mabhuku eEurope akazadzwa naBalzac, Zola, Flaubert, naDickens, ukuwo kupenda kwepamutemo kwakasiyana pakati pekudzoka kwedzidzo uye kupokana kwakaguma neimwe salon. rambwa.
Gustav Courbet Akanga ari muenzaniso mukuru. Mushure mekutanga kwerudo, akatendeukira kumadingindira akakurumbira ane virtuosic uye yakatwasuka nzira: Muvezi wematombo, Kuvigwa muna Ornans y Studio yemupendi Vakanyadzisa mabhunu. Arambwa muna 1855, akaronga chiratidziro chake; muna 1867 akaendeswa kuSwitzerland. Hunhu hwake hwakanyanya hwakagadzira nzira yeImpressionism: kubva kunzvimbo dzekunzwa dzeBarbizon kuenda kune kupenda kunze uye chiedza chenguva Paive nedanho.
European Romanticism: Literature, Mazano, uye Zvinokonzera
MuGermany, Goethe akabatanidza Classicism uye Romanticism ne Werther y KubwinyaBoka reJena, nehama dzeSchlegel nemanzwi akafanana naNovalis, vakagadzirira nzira yezviroto, zvakavanzika, uye huviri hwemweya. MuEngland, Byron, Shelley, naKeats vakaratidza rudo rwepwere, ruyamuro, uye runopokana nekudzvinyirira. MuFrance, Chateaubriand uye, gare gare, Victor Hugo (uyo akatsanangura Romanticism se liberalism mumabhukuIvo vakatungamira runako rutsva runotsigirwa nedenderedzwa revanyori. Italy yakanangana neRomanticism yayo kune yekuda nyika Risorgimento naManzoni naLeopardi; nyika dzeSlavic dzakaibatanidza ne rudzi ruchiri kusimukirapamwe Pushkin uye Lermontov; Portugal yakaifambisa kuburikidza nevatapwa vakaita saAlmeida Garrett.
Sehunhu hwese, Romanticism yakasimudza fungidziro yekusika, yakabvisa kutonga kwekufunga, yakasimbisa subjectivism, ruzivo rwerudo nerufu sehunyambiri hunotyisa, uye yakashandura zvakapfuura (medieval, chivalric) uye ekunze kuita nharaunda dzekutiza. Pakati pezvikonzero zvayo, kukura kwevanhu uye napoleonic hondoKutamira kuAmerica, kuda kuziva nezvenyika dziri kure, uye chido chehupenyu hutsva. Kusanganiswa kweshanduko yemagariro uye kudzoka kwekufananidzira kune yakapfuura kwakakurudzira hurudzi hwakanyanya pazvose zviri zviviri zvakasununguka uye zvekuchengetedza matanda.
Notes uye curiosities: forgeries, mamuseum uye echoes
Romanticism zvakare yakakwevera pane nyaya dzisina chokwadi senge Nziyo dzeOssianbhuku reapokirifa iro zvisinei rakatungidza fungidziro yeEurope. MuchiFrench pendi, iyo Prado Museum inochengetedza zvidimbu zvakakosha kubva mukushanduka pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18 negumi nepfumbamwe, kusanganisira mabasa akaitwa naGoya senge. Sabata revaroyi kana mbudzi huruPesvedzero yeRomantics inogona kuteedzerwa muEuropean neAmerica magarari uye kuunganidzwa, uye yavo yekuona pedagogy inoramba ichirarama mukati. zvidzidzo zvekuumbwa uye ruvara vakararama panguva imwe chete.
Nhaka yeRomantic inoenderera mberi nanhasi: kubva pakusimuka kwega mutsika yedhijitari kusvika pakushandiswa kwechisikigo sechiitiko, kubva pakunakidzwa neGothic kusvika kunhoroondo yekuteedzera mufirimu neterevhizheni. Uye ngatisakanganwe kuti Romanticism yaivewo rabhoritari yekunetsana kwezvematongerwo enyika: yakatanga kufamba urudzi nerusununguko izvo zvakatsanangura zvechizvino-zvino, asi ayo ambivalence inoda kuverenga kwakakosha kunoenderana nekuoma kwavo.
Zvichitariswa mumashure, Romanticism yaiita senge nhingi pakati penyika dzekare nedzanhasi: yakapwanya canon dzakasimbiswa, yakarongazve hutungamiriri hwehunyanzvi, nzvimbo yakasarudzika semanzwiro, ndangariro dzezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuwedzera manzwi echiitiko chemazuva ano. Kubva kuDelacroix neGéricault kuenda kuConstable naTurner, kubva kuFriedrich kuenda kuBarbizon, kubva kuLarra neZorrilla kuenda Goya semunhu mukuru wemazuva anoIzvo zvinobuda iarc yakafara inobatanidza kunzwa uye nyika, mufananidzo uye shanduko, kuisa inoyevedza uye yezvematongerwo enyika nheyo dzeEurope yatinoziva.
