Mufananidzo wemuuto reRoma akarega basa achifamba murunyararo mumusha weHispania unganzwika serudo, asi kumashure kwacho kwaive nehurongwa hwakakomba hwemitemo, mitero, uye mibairo. Kuenda pamudyandigere kwemauto echiRoma muHispania kwakabatanidza mari yemudyandigere, kugoverwa kwevhu, uye kuvambwa kwemaguta ese evarwi vehondo., muenzaniso unoonekwa semuteveri wakananga wepenjeni yedu yazvino.
Kunyangwe nhasi isu tichibatanidza kuzorora neSocial Security nemagakava ezvematongerwo enyika, vaRoma vaive vatorwisana nazvo. zera remudyandigere, kusimba kwehurongwa, uye kubhadhara panguva yemubairoKutaura zvazviri, nhaurirano dzakawanda dzemazuva ano pamusoro pepensheni dzinoyeuchidza zvikuru misoro yemusoro yakatarisana nemadzimambo akaita saAugustus kana Tiberius apo yakasvika nguva yekubhadhara zviuru zvemauto akadzingwa.
Kubva paMutemo weStork kusvika pakuzvarwa kwepenjeni yekutanga
Asati atombofunga nezvemauto akaburitswa muHispania, Roma yakanga yatotarisira vakura vayo kuburikidza nemitemo yemagariro. Mumwe wemitemo yainyanya kushamisa wainzi Stork Law, kana kuti Lex cionaria, izvo zvaida kuti vana vatarisire vabereki vavo vakwegura, vachivapa pokugara, zvokudya uye zvokutarisira.
Zita remutemo uyu harina kuitika netsaona: Akafemerwa nemaitiro eshuramurove, ayo mundangariro dzechiRoma aimiririra humwari hwemwana.nokuti zvaidavirwa kuti shiri idzi dzaitarisira vabereki vadzo muukweguru hwavo. Pasati pava nepenjeni yakadaro, uyu musengwa wapamutemo wakavimbisa, papepa, kuti hapana aizosiyiwa ari murombo chose chose mukukwegura.
Nekufamba kwenguva, tarisiro yekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda yakachinjika kune avo vaiisa miviri yavo kumberi: masoja enyanzvi dzeuto reRomaHunyanzvi hwemauto uye mishandirapamwe yakareba munzvimbo dzakaita seHispania yakaita kuti zvikodzere kupa mibairo yakasimba pakupera kwebasa, izvo zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro echokwadi ekurega basa muchiuto.
Kutevera shanduko dzemauto, kunyanya izvo zvaGaius Marius uye zviyero zvaAugustus, Roma yakatanga kubhadhara varwi nemari, zvakasungirirwa kune imwe nhamba yemakore ebasa.Uku kusanganiswa kwe "kubhadhara-kamwe chete" uye kugara mumakoloni matsva ndiyo hwaro hwekurega basa kwemauto eRoma muHispania.
Mashandiro emauto eRoma akasiya basa
Mwoyo wehurongwa hwekurega basa remauto eRoma hwaive Aerarium militare, pfuma yemauto yakagadzirwa naAugustus muna 6 ADnechinangwa chakajeka: kupa mari yepenjeni yevakarwa hondo vakapedza makore avo aidiwa ebasa. Homwe iyi yaipihwa mari, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nemitero chaiyo panhaka nekutengesa.
Varwi vakabudirira kupedza basa ravo rechiuto vakagamuchira a praemium, kureva, mubhadharo wemudyandigere wakaenzana, muHumambo Hwepamusoro, kusvika makore gumi nemaviri emuhoro wepasi.Munguva yaAugustus, izvi zvakatsanangurwa se12.000 sesterce kune legionary uye 20.000 yemutongi, mukuwedzera pamukana wekuwana nzvimbo mumatunhu akaita seHispania.
Iyi sisitimu haina kungoripira kuzvipira kwemunhu chete, asi zvakare yakashanda sechishandiso chine simba chekuunganidza. Kuvarume vakawanda vakasununguka vasina pfuma kana mabasa akatanhamara, mauto akanga ari nzira yechokwadi zvikurusa yokufambira mberi munzanga., unganidza mari, chengetedza mari yekupedzisira uye uwane chinzvimbo chemurwi, anochiva "veteranus".
Kana asunungurwa, musoja ndiye aifanira kugamuchira Misio akatendeka, anokudzwa akadereraiyo yakasimbisa kupedzwa kwebasa. Kuti zvibvumirwe, macheki ekutonga akaitwa uye zvipupuriro zvakaunganidzwa kubva kune vamwe varwi, izvo zvakashanda sesefa yekurwisa hutsotsi hunogona kuitika.
Mibayiro yacho inogona kusanganisira mari, ivhu, kana musanganiswa wezvose zviri zviviri. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, murwi anogona kugara mumakoloni akavakirwa zvakananga kune vanoenda pamudyandigere. kana kugara padyo nemusasa wavo wekare, chimwe chinhu chakajairika muHispania, uko kwakavambwa maguta chaiwo ekurega basa kwemauto.
Makore ebasa: kubva pakushingaira kwevechidiki kusvika kuneta kune veteran
Kuve legionnaire raisava basa remuhofisi chairo. Vanyoreri vanowanzo nyoresa nekuzvidira kutenderedza zera re18-20Kunyangwe munguva dzekuda zera rakadzikiswa kana kunyoreswa kwaishandiswa. Mwedzi yekutanga yakatsaurirwa kudzidziswa kwakasimba, kuenzaniswa ne "yakanyanyisa CrossFit" asi nenhumbi dzokurwa, nhovo, uye kufamba kusingagumi.
Pakutanga, Augusto akatanga basa racho makore gumi nematanhatu ebasa rechiuto kuwedzera mana semhareAsi nguva pfupi yapfuura, makore akapoteredza 5-6 AD, akawedzera sevhisi kusvika kumakore makumi maviri anosungirwa, pamwe nemakore mashanu ebasa rinosungirwa varwi vehondo. Mukuita, sevhisi yese yakakwira kusvika makore makumi maviri nemashanu.
Uku kuwedzera, maererano nemanyuko, kwakaitwa pasina kuwedzera stipendSaka musoja aimanikidzwa kugara ari pasi pemakondo kwenguva yakareba, chimwe chinhu chakaita kuti pave nekunetsana uye kumukirana mune mamwe mauto.
Vanyori vakaita saTacitus vanoratidza kuneta kwemuviri uye mupfungwa kwevarume ava. Zvichemo zveveterans zvaireva miviri yakaneta, makumi emakore ebasa, uye kukuvara kwakaunganidzwa.Uye kune zvipupuriro zvevarwi vakashora chokwadi che "kukotama makore makumi matatu kana makumi mana pasi pehuremu hwebasa."
Mune dzidziso, kana legionary akapinda pagumi nemasere uye akakwanisa kupona mishandirapamwe, zvirwere, uye hondo, Aigona kubuda pazera remakore makumi mana nematatu kana makumi mana nemashanuKubva pamaonero anhasi zvingaite sekunge wakurumidza kuenda pamudyandigere, asi nekurarama kwaitarisiro yenguva iyoyo, vazhinji havana kumborarama kuti vazvione.
Hupenyu hunotarisirwa, kufa, uye matambudziko ekubhadhara penjeni
Epigraphic data uye zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvinoratidza izvozvo Nhamba yekufa pakati pevarwi yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura yevanhuwo zvavo.Zvinyorwa zvemariro zvinoratidza kuti varwi vakawanda vakafa pakati pemakore 27 ne35, ndiko kuti, pakati pegore rechinomwe neregumi nemashanu rebasa.
Kana vazhinji vakafa vasati vapedza makore makumi maviri nemashanu ebasa rechiuto, Mukuita, Hurumende yaingobhadhara mudyandigere kune chikamu cheavo vakanga vasaina chibvumirano chokutanga.Kubva pakuona kwechinangwa, zvaive zvakanakira vakuru vemitero: vakawana makumi emakore ebasa uye, kazhinji, vakachengeta muripo wekupedzisira.
Kunyange zvakadaro, pane dzimwe nguva dzvinyiriro yemari yakanga yakakura. Mushure mehondo huru, dzakaita semishandirapamwe yekuchamhembe kweHispania, mauto mazhinji aida kusunungurwa panguva imwe chete.Ikoku kwakaguma namafashamo ezviokomuhomwe izvo pfuma yehondo yaisagona kutsungirira nguva dzose.
Apo mari yakanga iri shoma, madzimambo akashandisa zvigadzikiso zvisingafadzi. Imwe yematanho ainyanyozivikanwa yaive yekuwedzera nguva yebasa zvisina tsarukanoKunonotsa rezinesi kutenga nguva uye kudzivirira kubhadhara ipapo kwemabhonasi emudyandigere, chimwe chinhu chakaunza kusagutsikana uye mhirizhonga kanopfuura chiitiko chimwe.
Panguva imwecheteyo, Mitero mitsva yakaunzwa kutsigira Aerarium militareChinocherechedzwa pamitero iyi paiva ne“vicesima hereditatium,” mutero we5% panhaka nenhaka, uye “centesima rerum venalium,” mutero we1% pakutengesa. Apo vanhu vakarayira kubviswa kwomutero wapashure, Tibherio akazvidzivirira amene kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti iyi mari yakanga iri manyuko bedzi okubhadhara vakarwa hondo uye kuti hurumende yaisagona kuzvitsigira imene isina iwo.
Bhonasi yekurega basa, mari yekuchengetedza mauto, uye mabhenefiti evarwi
Mubasa rake rose, Legionary aigona kuunganidza mari shoma shoma, mukati memimwe miganhu.Izvi zvaiwanzoita madhinari mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, kuwedzera kune mamwe mabhenefiti madiki nekuda kwechimiro chake semurwi anoshingaira. Yakanga isiri pfuma, asi yakasanganiswa nebhonasi yekupedzisira, yakabvumira kusvetuka kukuru munharaunda.
Maererano naSuetonius naDio Cassius, Augustus akaisa mudyandigere bhonasi kumativi 12.000 sesterce, kureva, anenge 3.000 madhinari.Izvi zvaive zvakaenzana nemakore gumi nemaviri emuhoro wemauto panguva yeFlavian. Kuvarimi vakawanda vasina minda, mari iyoyo yakanga isingawanikwi kunze kwemauto.
Mukuwedzera kune cash capital, Veterans vaive nesarudzo yekugamuchira nzvimbo munzvimbo dzakakundwaIzvi zvakabvumira Hurumende kudzikisa mutengo wemari yakaoma uye, panguva imwe chete, kushandisa vaimbove varwi sevanhu vakapakata zvombo vanokwanisa kuita kuti matunhu matsva agadzikane.
Muitiro uyu wakashandura basa rechiuto kuva rudzi rwenguva refu "hurongwa hwekumanikidza kuchengetedza"Kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu kana makumi maviri nematanhatu, muhoro wenguva dzose waibhadharwa, uye pakupedzisira, mari yakawanda yakaunganidzwa, kazhinji pamwe chete nechikamu chemunda. Zvose izvi zvakasimudzirwa nemukurumbira wekuve "veteranus," zita rinoremekedzwa zvikuru munharaunda.
Madzimambo akashandisawo chipikirwa chemibayiro iyi sechishandiso chezvamatongerwe enyika nechiuto. Mumamiriro ezvinhu echimbichimbi, akadai senjodzi dzehondo, varwi vakasunungurwa vanogona kushevedzwa kuti vadzoke mubasa.achivayeuchidza nezvebetsero dzavakanga vagamuchira uye kuvavimbisa imwe muripo kana vakadzokera kubasa.
Maguta eSpain akagadzirirwa veterans: Emerita Augusta neLeón
Kukanganisa kwemitemo iyi kunoonekwa nekujeka kukuru muHispania. Kuvambwa kweEmerita Augusta (Mérida yanhasi) muna 25 BC ndiyo muenzaniso wekare.Augustus akasarudza kugadzira koloni ipapo kuti agadzirise varwi vakasunungurwa veV Alaudae uye X Gemina mauto mushure meCantabrian Wars.
Kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo hakuna kuitika netsaona. Veterans vakapinda mukutanga vakatsvaga nzvimbo yakadzivirirwa, yakachengetedzwa nenzizi dzeGuadiana neAlbarregas.iyo yakashanda semhinganidzo dzomusikirwo. Kubva ipapo, rusvingo rwakavakwa uye guta rakagadzirwa richitevera misimboti yeRoma, nezvinogoneka zvese zveguta guru reruwa.
Emerita Augusta yakava mhando ye "nzvimbo yekutandarira yevaRoma vakasiya basa", kunyangwe paine zvakawanda zvematongerwo enyika, kutengeserana uye monumentality zvakabatanidzwa. Veterans vakagara ipapo vakanakidzwa nedzimba, ivhu, uye kuwana kwepamusoro-notch zvivakwa., nepo Roma yakachengetedza nharaunda yacho uye yakasimbisa kuRoma kwenzvimbo yacho.
Nekufamba kwenguva, Mérida akawana zvese zveguta guru reRoma: theatre, amphitheatre, sekisi, temberi, mabhati, mabhiriji, migero yemvura uye network yakanyatsorongeka.Zvizhinji zvezvinogona kushanyirwa nhasi muguta reExtremaduran zvinouya zvakananga kubva kune iyo chinzvimbo seveterans 'coloni.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndiLeón. Guta razvino rakavakirwa panzvimbo yemusasa weLegio VIIIzvo zvakatanga senzvimbo yakagadzikana yemauto zvakazokwezva vatengesi, mhuri dzemasoja, uye varwi vehondo avo vakasarudza kuramba vari pedyo nevaimbova shamwari dzavo dzehondo. Kubva pakugara kwakasimba uku, nzvimbo yakagadzikana yemadhorobha yakabuda, iyo, nekufamba kwenguva, yakabatana kuita guta.
Mérida: "Rome" yevarwi vehondo kumadokero kweHispania
Nhasi, kufamba uchitenderera Mérida kwakada kufanana Ongorora pfupiso yezvairehwa neveterans' colony kuHispaniaYakavambwa naAugustus kupa mubairo varwi vake veteran, yakava nzvimbo ine simba yekutonga, yemauto uye yehupfumi, pamwe neyakavhurika-mhepo museum yeRoma.
Imba yemitambo yeRoma, yakanyanya kuvakwazve muzana ramakore rechi20, inoonekwa seyo chishongo chikuru cheMérida, chinokwana vanhu vangangosvika zviuru zvitanhatuKugara kwaro kwakarongwa kuva nharaunda maererano nenzvimbo yenzanga, uye pamberi pechivako, nembiru dzeKorinte nezvivezwa, zvairatidzira umbozha hwaigona kuwana guta raigarwa nevarwi vakapfuma.
Pedyo neimba yemitambo, iyo amphitheatre yakavakwa, nhandare yehondo dze gladiatorial uye kurwa kwemhuka dzesangoIyi mitambo yakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevanhuwo zvavo kupfuura kudzokorora kwevanyori vekare. Makamuri anogona kunge akatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Nemesis, mudziviriri wevarwi vehondo, akaonekwa ipapo, uye nhasi kuzvipira kweveruzhinji kwakatarisana nenhamba dzakaita saSaint Eulalia, uyo akazopa zita rake kune imwe yemigwagwa mikuru.
Sekisi yeMérida mumwe muenzaniso wakatanhamara. Nzvimbo yacho yaipeta kashanu pane yeimba yemitamboMijaho yengoro dzakanga dziri nzira huru yevaraidzo yakawanda. Vezvematongerwo enyika vemunharaunda vaiwanzopa mari zviitiko izvi kuti vawane rutsigiro rwakakurumbira, vachishandisa nguva dzemadzinza kuendesa mameseji esarudzo mumaitiro echokwadi echiRoma.
Kuwedzera pakutandara, guta racho raifanira kushanda. Madhamu eProserpina neCornalvo, achiri kushandiswa, aipa mvura kuburikidza nemugero weLos Milagros., basa rinoenzanisira mwero wouinjiniya pabasa reboka revakarwa hondo rakachinjwa kuva guta guru reruwa.
Hupenyu hwemudhorobha, kutengeserana uye Chikristu patsoka dzemauto
Iyo dhizaini yemadhorobha yeMérida inochengetedzawo ndangariro yechimiro chayo chekutanga cheRoma. Santa Eulalia Street inotevera nzira yedecumanus yekare, mugwagwa mukuru wokumabvazuva uchienda kumavirira, uye pasi pezvimwe zvikamu unogona kuona zvisaririra zvomugwagwa netabhenakeri yaiva parutivi penzira.
Kwemazana emakore, guta rekare rakachinjwa. Panheyo dzeRoma kwakauya maVisigoth, ipapo maArabu, uye gare gare, Mérida yemazuva ano.Visigothic Art Museum uye muzinda wemaArabu, iine maonero akanaka pamusoro pebhiriji reRoma, inoratidza mashandisirwo enguva yega yega uye nekududzira zvakare nhaka yekoni yemauto ekurega basa.
Kunyangwe dzimwe ngano dzemuno, senge mhute yakabatana nekupondwa kwaSaint Eulalia, Vanopindirana nekuyeuka kweguta rekare reRomaZvinoenderana netsika, gumbeze gobvu remhute rakafukidza Mérida kuchengetedza kusapfeka kwemusande, tsananguro yehumwari inopindirana nekududzirwa kwemazuva ano kwemamiriro ekunze.
Panyaya yekufamba, yekare Emerita Augusta yaive hurongwa hubhu nekuda kweSilver Routeiyo yakaibatanidza neAsturica Augusta (Astorga). Mugwagwa uyu, waishandiswa nemasoja, vatengesi, nevakuru vakuru, wakasimbisa basa rekoroni iyi senzvimbo yekufambisa mashoko, basa raizowanazve mazana emakore gare gare nokusvika kwenjanji.
Collegia uye kutsigira network kunze kweHurumende
Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yeRoma yakagadzira hurongwa hwakaoma hwekupa varwi vayo mubayiro, Haasi mutoro wose wekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu wakawira pamasangano ehurumende.Kwaivewo nemasangano epachivande anonzi macollegia, musanganiswa wemasangano, hukama nemakirabhu ane zvinangwa zvechitendero nezvemagariro.
Aya makoroji akanyoresa vanhu vanobva kwakasiyana siyana magariro: mhizha, vatengesi, vavakidzani vanobva munharaunda imwe cheteyo, kana kuti vanozvipira vechimwe chitenderoMitemo yavo yaidzora mipiro, yamuro uye maruramiro enhengo, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda zvaipa betsero duku idzo Hurumende yakanga isingabhadhare.
Pakati pemabasa emasangano aya, zvinotevera zvakabuda pachena: kuronga mariro ane chiremera enhengo dzine urombo, kugoverwa kwezvokudya kana kubatsirana panguva dzokushayiwa. Nenzira iyi, vakazadza mapeji muhurongwa hwekuchengetedzwa kwepamutemo, kunyanya kune avo vasina kuwana rubatsiro rwemauto.
Nokufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, chikoro chakawira mumaoko evanhu vane simba avo Vakaashandisa senzira yezvamatongerwe enyika, chishandiso chekudzora nharaunda, kana kuti nzira yekushandura mitengo nekugadzira mafia chaiwo enzvimbo.Atarisana nokubatwa zvisina kufanira uku, Augusto akapindura zvakasimba.
La Lex Iulia de collegiis akaparadza mazhinji emasangano ayakunze kweiyo yekare uye inoremekedzwa zvikuru, uye yakasimbisa kuti chero koreji itsva inoda mvumo yakananga kubva kuSeneti. Chinangwa chaive chekudzivirira ma network kubva pakuva nzvimbo dzesimba rakafanana rinokwanisa kupikisa masimba ehumambo.
Kubva kuhurongwa hweRoma kusvika kumapenjeni emazuva ano muSpain
Izwi rekuti "kurega basa" rinobva muchiLatin "jubilare", zvine chekuita nepfungwa yekudanidzira nemufaroUye zvinokatyamadza kana tikafunga nezvenhamba yevarwi vasina kumbobvira vanakidzwa nekurega basa kwavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, muenzaniso weRoma wekubhadhara basa rakareba nekubhadhara uye, dzimwe nguva, nevhu, rakasiya chiratidzo patsika dzepamutemo dzeEurope.
MuSpain, chokwadi Mabviro ehurongwa hwepenjeni hwemazuva ano hunogona kurondwa kumashure muna 1908, nekugadzirwa kweNational Institute of Social Security.yakagadzirirwa kupa mari pamudyandigere wevashandi. Kubva ipapo, nhevedzano yekuvandudzwa uye mitemo mitsva yaizotevera.
Zuva rakakosha ndi1919, apo iyo Workers 'Retirement seyokutanga veruzhinji uye inosungirwa pamudyandigereMunguva yezana ramakore rechi20, hurongwa uhu hwakashandurwa mukufambirana neshanduko huru dzezvematongerwo enyika: yechipiri Republic, hudzvanyiriri hweFranco uye shanduko yedemocracy yakagadziridzwa mabhenefiti, mazera ekurega basa uye mabhesi emupiro.
Iyo yazvino Social Security modhi yakavambwa neBumbiro re1978. yakasimbiswa uye yakasimbiswa neToledo Pact ye1995iyo ine chinangwa chekuvimbisa kusimba kwenguva refu kwehurongwa. Kubva ipapo, shanduko dzakanangana nekuisa zera rekurega basa, kubatanidza pension neinflation, uye kuenzanisa mari nemari.
Kana ichienzaniswa nehurongwa hweRoma, Nhasi, kuenda pamudyandigere hakusi kungoitirwa masoja chete, asi kunosanganisira vangangoita vese vashandi.Nekudaro, iwo matambudziko ariko achiri kunzwika seakajairwa: nzira yekubhadharira sisitimu, ndeapi makore ekurega basa ane musoro, uye ndeapi mabhenefiti ayo hupfumi hunogona kuchengetedza.
Kurega basa kwemauto eRoma muHispania Inoratidzika semusanganiswa wemubairo, chishandiso chezvematongerwo enyika, uye nzira yekoloniKubva pamitemo inoda kuchengetwa kwevakweguru kuenda kumari dzemauto dzinobhadharwa nemutero, kubva kumakoroni evakarwa hondo akaita saEmerita Augusta kusvika kumagakava edu azvino pamusoro pepensheni, nhoroondo refu inoitika apo Roma yaive, zvakare, piyona mune chimwe chinhu sevanhu sekuda kusvika pakuchembera aine hushoma hwekuchengeteka uye chiremera.